Winding of armatures for alternating-current motors.



B. G. SHIPMAN. WINDING 0P ARMATUBES FOR ALTERNATING CURRENT MOTORS.

APPLICATION FILED JAN.29, 1906.

Patented Aug. 17, 1909.

my. I.

- INVENTOR.

UNETED STATES PALFENT OEFIQE.

BENNET CARROLL SHIPMAN, OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND.

WINDIIo TG OF ARMATURES FOR ALTERNATING-CURRENT MOTORS.

Application filed January 29, 1906.

it) ll whom it may concern:

be it known that ii, Bnnxn'r'r CARROLL ttlnirnaiq, citizen of the United States, residing in the city of Baltimore, State of ltiaryiand have invented certain new and useful improvements in the Winding of iii-matures for Alternating-Current Motors, of which the following is a specification.

My invention relates to that class of alternating current motors known as commutator motors, and sometimes spoken of as single phase motors, but my invention is not limited to motors operated as single phase, or even to motors themselves, but is equally applicable in some cases to self-exciting alternating current generators.

The object of my invention is the suppression of the detrimental heating and sparking due to the short-circuiting by the brush of two commutator bars when the coils connected to the same are in an M. F. producing field. Several methods have been proposed and used with this object in view, the most successful of which is the introduction of a certain amount of resistance in the leads from the coils on the armature to the connnutator bars. But the use of this re sistance, while suppressing destructive sparking and making an alternating commutating motor at all practicable, does not totally suppress the short circuit current, and hence heats the motor up far beyond what would be the case if it were totally suppressed, and what should correspond to the output of the motor. l urthermore the use of resistance for this purpose limits the applicability of such a motor in regard to the permissible frequency of the supply circuit. For, as the short circuited E. M. F. increases in propor tion to the frequency with a given field strength, the amount of resistance in the leads between coils and commutator bars would have to increase in the same proportion, thus increasing the amount of heat lostin such resistance, and detracting by so much from the sustained capacity of the motor. Thus such motors are not applicable to any but the lowest frequency systems, comparatively few of which, outside of transmission systems, are ever installed. Even on low frequency systems the detrimental effects of the short circuit current is only minimized and not prevented.

My invention completely overcomes and prevents the short circuit current between commutator bars ordinarily due to the short Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented Aug. 17, 1909.

Serial No. 298,348.

eireuiting by the brush. Being no short circuit current there can be no heating or sparking due to the same. To accomplish this I cause to be generated in the leads connectin any armature coil to the commutator bars under short circuit an active E. M. F. substantially equal and opposite to that existing in the said armature coil at the time of its short circuit by the brush. This E. M. F. is generated by the same lines of force which cause that of the armature coil, and hence it is evident that whatever the frequency of the supply circuit, the equality fixed in the design of the motor will hold good, so that a motor equipped with my invention can operate satisfactorily, so far as short circuit currents in the armature are concerned, on any commercial frequency.

Figure l is a diagrammatic view of a two pole dynamo electric machine with a ring wound armature showing the auxiliary or commutating coils placed directly between the junctions of the main armature sections and the commutator bars, in order to illus trate more clearly the action of such auxiliary coils. In the structure of my invention they are not so placed, but as in Fig. 2, where they are shown wound about the armature core, and in approximately their proper place in reference to the coils to which they connect. Fig. 3 is a vector diagram of the voltages produced in sections of the armature auxiliary winding, or of the flux cut by such winding, when the bars, to which the said sections of auxiliary winding are connected, are about at the commutative position. 7

Describing my invention more in detail, I will refer now to Figs. 1, 2 and 3.

Fig. 1 is a diagrammatic view of a two pole dynamo electric machine with a ring armature. I show this type of armature as it makes the connections and windings clearer. My invention is equally applicable to drum wound armatures. Also for com mercial reasons the drum wound type is preferable. F F are the poles of the machine; Z) 0 bars of the connnutator; A B C main armature coils; a b c auxiliary coils through which the armature windings are tapped to the commutator bars. In an ideal case the flux enters the arn'iature and passes equally around both sides of the core, so that it might be considered as entering at the point, X, and leaving at the point, Y. T his field flux in the also of an alternating current motor however is alternating also, and hence generates E. M. F.s in all armature coils except those under the points X Y, quite independent of any rotation of the armature. This E. l /I. F. is generally useless and always detrimental from a commutative point of view. In a two pole motor the points of maximum E. M. F. of this kind in the armature would be at the points X and Y, the E. M. F. of one half of the armature opposing and equaling that of the other half, being indicated in Figs. 1 and 2 by the curved arrows and y. The points of maximum E. MIF. due to rotation, useful counter M. F., would be at the points X and Y, and would exist in the halves of the armature indicated by the curved arrows 00 and y. It is evident also that the coils in which are generated the greatest E. M. F. due to the alternating field (which I shall hereafter call the detrimental E. M. F. in contradistinction to the ordinar T and useful E. M. F. of an armature due to rotation) will occupy a position under the line X Y, in other words just the proper position for commutation. The heavy current from this detrimental E. M. F. is what in all previous motors has been limited but not prevented by connecting the coils to the commutator bars through some comparatively high resistance. In my invention I avoid altogether any current due to this detrimental E. M. F. by connecting the coils of the winding to the commutator bars through other coils or auxiliary windings, which have generated in them an opposing E. M. F.

Referring to Fig. 1, the coil B is in its proper position for undergoing short circuit in commutation, as there is no useful E. M. F. generated in it. 1 The lead from one side of coil B is led through an auxiliary coil 0 and thence to commutator bar 0. The lead from the other end of coil B is led through another auxiliary coil Z) to the commutator bar 6. In these auxiliary coils are generated by the same field flux that generates the detrimental E. M. F. in coil B, E. M. F.s, whose sum is substantially equal to and opposing that of coil B, so that although brush D short-circuits bars 6 and 0 no current can flow in such short circuit as a result of the detrimental E. \I. F. The

auxiliary coils are so disposed around the quite sufficient to secure satisfactory opera tion.

A consideration of Fig. 2 will make it clear how I secure the generation of proper M. F.s and also the reversal of the E, M. F. in any lead as it passes from the posi tion of b to that of 0 in Fig. 1. In Fig. 2 similar letters refer to similar parts, and a ring wound armature is again shown for simplicitys sake, as a drum winding would so confuse the different coils that they would be difficult to distinguish. As before the coil B is in its proper place for commutation. As before also the lead from one end of the coil B is lead through the auxiliary coil 0 to the commutator bar 0. This auxiliary coil 0 is angularly displaced from the armature coil B, and occupies a place practically 9O electrical degrees from the auxiliary coil immediately ahead of coil B. The essential point is however that the auxiliary coil 0 shall have the field flux cutting it in the same sense as it cuts main armature coil B, which obtains if the auxiliary coil 0 occupies a position on the same side of the axis of the field X Y as the coil B. The other end of the coil B is led through auxiliary coil Z) to the commutator bar a. This auxiliary coil Z), also angularly displaced from the armature coil B, occupies a place practically 90 electrical degrees from the auxiliary coil inmediately behind coil B. The essential point is that the auxiliary coil Z) shall have the field flux cutting it in the opposite sense from which it cuts the main armature coil B, which obtains if the auxiliary coil 6 occupies a position on the opposite side of the axis of the field X Y from the coil B. Under the above arrangement the generation of detrimental E. M. F.s in the coils corresponding at some given instant to that indicated by the curved arrows 00 and y is shown by the arrow heads at each coil in Figs. 1 and 2. By following out the connections from main armature coil B to and through the short circuiting brush it will be noted that the E. M. F.s in the auxiliary coils Z) and c oppose that of the coil B, and if the coils b and c are so wound as to make their E. M. F.s sufficient the E. M. F. of coil B will be completely neutralized. It will also be noted that as the armature moves, for instance, from right to left, the E. M. F. of coil 0 will increase as more lines of force will cut it, while that of coil Z) will decrease for the opposite reason, until when the coil 6 occupies the position under the axis X Y there will be no E. M. F. in it. But as will be shown below the sum of the E. M. F.s in any such two adjacent auxiliary coils, b 0, is practically constant from the position of forward coil occupying the neutral position under the axis X Y to the position of the following coil occupying the same position. Hence the detrimental E. M. F. of any coil, such as B, will be subl stantially balanced out through a considerable arcof revolution quite sullicient to etl'ect a thoroughly satisfactory commutation of a coil B. it will also be noted that after any auxiliar coil, as l), )asses the neutral point under the axis X Y, where no M. l is generated, the E. M. F. then generated is reversed in reference to that of its former position. This is necessary for the commutation of successive armature coils, for, from being the t ailing connection from the coil lti and ha 'ing its E. M. F. generated for the purpose of balancing out the detrin'iei-ital E. M. F. of coil B in conjunction with auxiliary coil 0, coil 7) is now the leading connection from main armature coil A and has a suitable E. M. generated to balance outthe detrimental E. iii. l3. ot coil A in conjunction with auxiliary coil a. It is also evident from the above description and from the figur s that the E. M. lls generated in the auxiliary coils serves no other purpose than as described, and do not in any way interfere with the usual functions of the armature. Furthermore these auxiliary coils are only in circuit each one at the time and during the commutation of the particular armature coil to which it is connected.

The main armature coils are connected on to another as usual in armatures. so tha the main current does not have to trayers any auxiliary coils except those immediately connected to the co .iutator bars on which the brushes rest. Zhese auxiliar coils are pr ferably made of copper and of as low stance as the space for winding allows. 7 ractically two 01 these coils a e always in multiple conveying the current from the commutator to the winding. Hence the loss entailed by introducing such auxiliary coils is practically nothing. and as they suppress the so called short current by opposing lil. Fls. there can not be the loss and heat. incidei. to the use of resistance in the leads. which at nu can only COlllld l and not supp 'ess the letriincnta cur out.

it short consideration or Fig. 3 will show that the sum of the E. ii. l fs in any two adjacent coils, as 17". is approximatel corstant through an appreciable arc. ln Fig.

1% it 1) i l represents the phase and amount of flux cut by the main armature coil l% in its maximum position, K G will represent to some scale the amount of flux cuttii auxiliary coil 7). and F K the amount to the same scale cutting auxiliary coil 0, all under the assumption of Jig. i that there are sixteen main armature coils and sixteen an ll coils orciu eip in y coils, and that a spaces on the periphery ot the a The angle then embraced between ad"- coils of the same class will be degrees.

2 1acent its the auxiliary coil 6 inalies an angle ot 1011 d gi with the coil t l ount ol. l'lrx cutting the coil 7) will be the total flux n ilt by the cosine oi 101i degrees. 1 ry coil (1 makes an angle 0.5 F81 ti ith the 1 n coil I; u d l encc the r i'luj cutting it i )0 l :nullipliei'l by the co-sin l I he co-sine oi the above tw hence th sum oi the two cells D and 1" equal to the multiplied by twice the *o-sine in this case, or generally to; ber of coils, twice the sine of halt the between ailjaceut ai'axiliary coils. true for the position of the auxiliary coil:

and c, ()CCHPYIELQ equidistant positions from the axis X l '1 ed l' the armature is in turned 11;} es to the le'l't. a hall. couunutator bar, the tlux cutting the coil. c

would then be represented in 3 by J K 85 d as co1l. 7) would then coincule with z ii Y. the flux cutting it would be Zero. ifhe coil 5 would be Zeroyand the flux utting coil 7) xould equal the total flux multiplied by the sine of 22.; degrees. Therefore it is evident from the above that an armature wound with these auxiliary COllS can be sum of the flux of coil 7/ then be equal to the tota the co-sine of (571, degr egrees. le'tt moyed thro gh a given angle; and the sum of the his in any two adjacent auxiliary coils will Vary between a value proportio ml to the sine oi the angle betwe n adjacen' auxiliary coils a id a value prt portional to twice the sine of one half the angle between adjacent auxiliary coils. ln the case illustrated in Figs. 1 and E2 the variation would be ll per cent. By increasing the number coils this variation will be (h creaseth for the angle is deer used the sine oi the angle becomes more nearly equal twice the sine of half the angle. dent therefore that the sum of tln in any two coils. a and (1. adjacent field axis X Y can be kept practically constant through a ctmsiderable arc. and it the proper nuin or or" turns are wound on equal to the E. I. l of the coil whose ends they connect through the brush. Similarly it is possible to make the sun: of the E. M. F. these auxiliary coils ya yi instead of cr nstant. by merely placing to the s in the auxiliary coil. in reference to the coil to be com aided and the axis 1; Y, in another place on the periphery of the armature. In the case of repul sion motors it would be desirable to have a varying sum of E. M. Es instead of a constant sum.

It is evident then that the use of my in vention is not limited to the particular structures herein shown. To anyone skilled in the art it is evidently applicable to other types of motors and to drum wound armatures, and it is not material that the auxiliary coils should occupy positions midway between those of the main armature coils. The auxiliary coils may be and preferably are combined in the same slots with the main coils for commercial reasons. Nor do I limit my invention to those types of motors which have the line current introduced directly into the armature or revolving element, for it is equally applicable to the type of motor known as a repulsion or transformer motor, and to some forms of self exciting alternating current generators.

()wing to the fact that any one lead and auxiliary coil attached thereto carries the 2 main current for only th of the time, N

being the number of commutator bars per pair of poles, the wire of the auxiliary coils can be of considerably smaller cross-section than the wire of the main armature coils, and hence a greater number of turns putin an equal space, without running the auxiliary coils at any greater heat than the main coils. This fact, while not affecting my invention theoretically, is of the utmost practical importance, as it enables me to produce a motor of a given horse power of practically the same size as present commercial motors at the same limits of temperature.

In my claims I use the words active E. M. F. to mean an E. M. F. generated by the cutting of lines of force independent of the conductor, or the current therein, in which such E. M. F. is generated. This definition therefore excludes an E. M. F. due to ohmic or inductive drop, which only exists when the currentcausing the same flows. The active E. F. I refer to exists independent of any current flowing in the coil exhibiting such active E. M. F I use the words magnetic axis or center of field to mean that portion or location in the field where the flux may be said to di vide, part going one way around the armature and part the other. It is evident that the magnetic axis or center need not, and frequently does not, correspond to the geo metrical axis or center.

Having described my invention, 1 claim and desire to secure by Letters Patent:

1. In an alternatin current, commutative dynamo electric machine the combination of a field, armature, commutator and brushes with an auxiliary winding in independent sections upon the armature core,

the consecutive sections of which auxiliary winding connect the consecutive junctions of the sections of the main armature winding to the commutator bars, any consecutive two of the said sections of the auxiliary winding being located on opposite sides of the magnetic center of that field of force which cuts, at the commutative position, the main armature section to which said two auxiliary sections are mutually connected, in order that a movement of the armature through a small arc shall effect a reversal, in reference to said field of force, of the position of the auxiliary section which acts as a trailing connection to said arnmture sec tion.

in an alternating current, dynamo electric machine in combination, a field, an armature, a commutator, brushes, a main armature winding and an auxiliary armature winding, the sect-ions of which are independent of each other and connect the junctions of the sections of the main armature winding to the commutator bars,. and any two sections of which auxiliary winding are placed near and on opposite sides oi the magnetic center of that field of force which passes through that main armature section when at its commutative position for which the said two auxiliary sections serve as commutator connections, for the purpose of causing said field to pass through the leading auxiliary section in one direction and through the trailing auxiliary section in the opposite direction, in order that the E. M. l fs generated in the said two auxiliary sections may be added to each other in phase and oppose the E. M. F. generated,

by the alternation of the field, in the said section of the main armature winding undergoing commutation.

3. In an alternating current dynamo electric machine in combination, a field, armature, commutator, brushes and an auxiliary winding on the armature, the s ctions of which are independent and symmetrically disposed, and serve as connections from the junctions of the sections of the main armature winding to the commutator, any two consecutive sections of said auxiliary winding, when acting as commutator connections to a main section under oing commutation, being on opposite sides of the magnetic center of the field, whereby the alternations of the said field generate E. M. Es in the said auxiliary sections opposed to each other in space but in phase through the connection of commutator bars and brushes and opposed to the E. M. F. generated in the main armature section undergoing commutation.

l. Tn a dynamo electric machine, the combination of a field, an armature, commutator and brushes with an auxiliary winding on the armature, the sections of which are independ out and connect the junctions of the sections of the main armature winding to the commutator, and which are 01 the same span as the main armature sections, but displaced around the periphery of the armature from the junction to which each one connects an amount sutlicient to bring any section of the auxiliary winding near the magnetic center of the held when the section of the main armature winding is at its con'nnutatiye position, but on one side or" the magnetic axis when acting as leading connection and on the other side of the magnetic axis when acting as a trailing connection from a main armature coil at its commutative position.

In an a ternating current dynamo electric machine comprising a field, armature and winding, commutator and brushes, auxiliary sections of armature windings connecting each junction ot the sections of the main armature winding to a commutative bar, any consecutive two such auxiliary sections being displaced around the armature from the lo cation of the main armature section to which they connect-one of them a distance suiticient to locate it barely within the same inductive relation in space to the field as is the main armature section considered, and the other of the said two auxiliary sections a distance suthcient to locate it in the opposite inductive relation in space to the field as is the same said main armature section, at the time when the s1 ecified main armature section is undergoing commutation, whereby in the local circuit of one main armature section, conimutator bars and brushes, there will always be two auxiliary sections, through which the field tlux passes in an opposite sense mutually in reference to space, but in the same sense mutually in reference to the local circuit of which they a re a part and in an opposite sense to that in which it passes through the main armature section forming part of this local circuit.

liENNE'l CARROLL SllllllAN. Witnesses M. H. Jonas, J. F. Bmsoon. 

